It is our duty. One child concept should be adopted. Value leadership- Leader can play an important role in establishing a climate regarding ethics.
Leader can convey the importance of ethical values to public easily. They can become a role model in youth by using eco friendly goods and mode of transportation. In this context our Honourable prime Minister Sh.
Say No to Plastic- Now a days we are using plastic in much amount. Use of plastic is dangerous for environment. Many cows are being killed by eating plastic begs. Parties and Functions we use plastic plates and glasses. It does not decompose easily and pollutes our environment. We must say No to plastic items and start to use earthern pots like Kullars , and leaves plates like Pattals instead of using plastic products.
Solid waste management- 3Rs Principle: Reduce- We can reduce our necessities by changing our life style. Reduction in use of raw material will correspondingly decrease the production of waste. We can use public transport , make pools in car , and also use cycles and save precious fuel and environment. Water is more important in them. Refillable containers can be reused. Other things like paper, clothes , bottles ,boxes and other waste material etc. Recycle- Recycling is more important now a days.
Recycle is the processing of a use item or any waste in to usable form. All metallic goods can be recycled. The conservation ethic and traditional value system of India — People in ancient India give regard and respect to mountains, rivers, forests, animals and birds.
Nature was very important for them. Mother nature is worshipped in Hindu religion. Hindus has sacred rivers and lakes, mountains, worship of snakes, and other plants and animals.
Peeple tree long pepper tree was considered holy tree and it is not to be cut down. Banayan tree , tulsi plant basil are also considered holy plants. Tribal people worship forests. Retrieved from www. Factors affecting the lixiviation of palm bunch ash as a source of alkali for soap production. Ife Journal of Technology. Manhendra, K. Wood ash composition as a function of furnace temperature. Biomass and Bioenergy, 4 2 , pp. Practical Environmental Analysis.
Misra, M. Wood Miroslav, R. Plant ash composition as a function of furnace temperature. Biomass and Bioenergy 4 2 , Chemical processing development.
Nwoko, V. Effects of mixing oil on the preparation and properties of soap. Private Communications. Ojokuku, G. Practical Chemistry for Schools and Colleges. Onyegbado, C. Solid soap production using plantain peels ash as source of alkali. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. Onyekwere, C. Cassava peels ash: an alternative source of alkali in soap production.
Shelton, J. The wood BurnersEncyclopedia. Vermont Crossroads Press, Waitfield. Taiwo, O. Evaluation of various agro-wastes for traditional soap production. Tarun, R. Use of wood ash in cement-based materials. Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia, K and Adeboye, A. B Covenant University Ota, Nigeria. Estimated costs of building projects, which hitherto have been based on regression models, are usually left with gaps for high margin of errors and as well, they lack the capacity to accommodate certain intervening variables as construction works progress.
Data of past construction projects of the past 2 years were adjusted and used for the study. This model is developed and tested as a predictive cost model for building projects based on Artificial Neural Networks ANNs. This model will help professionals save time, make more realistic decisions, and help avoid underestimating and overestimating of project costs, which are some of the advantages over previously used Regression models.
Poor cost forecasting approach will lead to underestimating or overestimating and consequently cost overrun. Project abandonment as a result of cost overrun arising from poor cost forecasting approach, is an interesting phenomenon locally as well as globally.
This phenomenon has led to various stakeholders in built environment to be aware of importance of accurate project cost right from conceptual stage of building project as well as throughout the life cycle of the project work.
The awareness of working with accurate cost has thus created a trend among various clients including private, corporate, as well as public clients government , that prudency in resources allocation is a great necessity for successful execution of project works.
This development led to the advent of forecasting project cost so as to generate project cost information which reveals what the value of a project cost could be in future. However, in providing project cost information, cost estimator often resort to using traditional approach, recent developments on the other hand has proven the fact that traditional approach, which uses historical methods do not tend to capture the details of project works cost components, as well as intervening variables that impacts the cost magnitude.
The cube method was the first recorded forecasting method; this was invented about years ago, floor area approach was developed around Skitmore et al ,some researchers later developed storey enclosure method on , which provides better result over the previously developed cube and floor area, certain variables were identified and incorporated into the model other than those used in the past, like floor areas vertical positioning, storey heights, building shape and presence of basement.
However in the mids, researchers started deploying statistical techniques cost modeling, through these, conventional methods evolved, such as approximate quantities and optimization. Peculiar to the research work in this era is possibility of demonstrating the applicability of the developed models, as a result of seemingly non applicable nature of model generated. The result of the analysis indicates high level of accuracy in the output obtained from the neural network model.
The model when developed will be simple to use. It is believed that the model will be suitable for use at different stages project work.
O; OjO, and Obamiro, J. Pp Brandon, A. The Royal Institution of chartered surveyors, London. Bouabaz M and Hamami, M. American Journal of Applied Sciences. PP56 — Copeland, J and Proudfoot, A Creese, R. Ferry, D. J; Bandon, P. S Cost Planning of Building. Blackwell th Science Limited. Garza, J and Rouhana, K. Neural Networks Versus Parameter based Application. Y; Shanker, M. Anals of Operations research, 87, PP — John, F. D, Smith, P and David, J Cost planning of building, Seventh Edition, Blackwell science, Oxford.
Iowa State Press. Third Edition, Blackwell Publishing Company. United State of America. Moore C. F; Lees, T. Rics paper series. Morantz, B. H; Whalen, T. Rafiq M. U, Bugman G, Easterbrook D. Compustruct, 79, Skitmore, R. M, and Ng, S. Walczak S. Journal of Managements Information System, 17 4 , William, T. In Topping, B. It is also an oil rich nation with diversity of ecosystems. The country is committed to the principle of sustainable development by adopting environmental protection policy.
The paper through historical approach traces the environmental policy development in the country. It identifies the policy strategies designed in support of sustainable development. It reckoned that policy impediments are hindrances to environmental sustainability. The environment could be looked at as the basis for man existence.
The misuse or misappropriation of the constituents of the environment could hamper the health, socio-economy and peace of a nation. This may leads to state or national security. Thus, it is essential that man should design a way for its sustainability.
This can only be achieved through formulation and development of adequate and dynamic environmental protection policy which will engender environmental sustainability. The Environmental Sustainability as an off shoot of the Principle of Sustainable Development emphasizes the need to meet the needs and aspiration of the present without compromising the needs of the future WECD, It can only be midwife by the nation with the support of its citizenry.
Sustainable development entails the harmonization of population growth with utilization and exploitation of natural resources through redirection and reorientation of research and development as well as institutional changes UN-ECA, Environmental Policy formulation, adoption and implementation are generally developing concepts that came about in the late These concepts are still evolving in developing economy like Nigeria when they claimed to be put into force.
Whereas compared to the Western world this policy concepts are given expression yielding encouraging results. This paper shall examine the historical development of environmental policy in Nigeria and also identifies the problems of its implementation.
The paper at the end will recommend appropriate strategies that will encourage environmental sustainability in Nigeria. Conclusion The paper identifies that Nigeria support the principle of sustainable development by adopting environmental policy that is off shoot of Agenda It realized the impediments to environmental sustainability in policy adoption, policy harmonization, merging of agencies, monitoring and enforcement and institutional capacity.
It also surmised that sustainable policy should not be borrowed but expectedly builds and designed at home. The paper recommends the need for capacity building as an essential instrument in environmental policy development. It suggests integrated approach for policy formulation, adoption and implementation. This is because workable environmental policy is expected to involve state actors and non state actors.
Herbert-Copley ed. UNU Press. FEPA, undateda. National Guidelines on Environmental auditing. Federal Environmental Protection Agency.
Assessed September 15, Oni, I. Umeh, L. C and Uchegbu, S. Principles and Procedures of Environmental Impact Assessment. United Nations Economy for Africa. B Ijebu-Igbo, Ogun State. Ni geria. The result of physiochemical and microbiological tests carried out on fish and sixteen water samples taken from Iddo in Apapa Local Government of Lagos State, Nigeria revealed pollution.
E,coli, Proteus sp. Finally, conclusion was drawn with the recommendation that sewage should be treated prior to discharge into any sphere of the environment. Its generation and efficient management facilitate social, economic and biological development.
Amount of waste generated keep soaring as a result of increasing urban population and consequent rapid urbanization, which, in-turn presents greater challenges for disposal and management.
The problem is even worst with respect to non-solid wastes since no city in Nigeria has a sewage system worth its name Lagos State Ministry of Economic Planning and Budget The concern of this research is on excreta waste being discharged into the Lagos lagoon in relation to the impact on the lagoon ecosystem. Excreta contain enteric organisms such as Klebsiella spp. Lagoon contains brackish water water that is slightly salty.
Out of three hundred and thirty two fish species belonging to the three categories of fish indicated above, seventy-nine 79 species have been identified in the Lagos lagoon. This is a vindication that Lagos lagoon provides substantial quantity of aquatic foods in the sub-region; however, mutilating its physico-chemical and biological structure portends significant socio-economic and health implications.
Lagos lagoon is being polluted in its entirety of because one anthropogenic activity or the other that takes place at the littoral areas due to population pressure. However some points are more populated and received more pollutants than others receives.
In these two areas, there are excess organic nutrients, because raw human faeces are discharged into the lagoon without treatment. Thus, deterioration of the quality of water ensues and all signs of water pollution are obvious.
The raw faecal effluent present in the lagoon is oxygen demanding, it can only be decomposed by aerobic oxygen-requiring bacteria.
The presence of these bacteria in large number perhaps to detoxify excreta waste degenerate water quality by reducing the quantity of oxygen, and therefore, leading to massive demise of aquatic animals. Untreated excreta wastes contain myriads of disease-causing agents pathogens which include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms that eventually get to biological system of fish and other aquatic animals consumable by man.
Through this process feacal-oral diseases are transferred to man unfettered. WHO, declared that four million infants and adults die every year from diarrhea diseases, largely as a result of contaminated food or water. Akpata and Ekundayo , Helasi-kun , cited in Ajayi and Akonai asserted that the discharge of raw sewage into the lagoon has important health implications.
This insanitary act is facilitating the spread of feaco-orally transmitted sanitation related diseases. Infections such as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid that account for significant mortality are contracted through house flies, contaminated hands, food, and water, eating and cooking utensils. It is not difficult for edible materials to be exposed to faecal matter in Lagos metropolis, because the polluted lagoon account for more than 70 per cent of fish and other sea foods consumed daily by Lagosians.
Therefore eating fish caught in the polluted Lagos lagoon increases the risk of contracting feaco-oral diseases. The main thrust of this paper is to examine the ecological impacts of discharging raw sewage into the lagoon with a view to identifying most healthy and sustainable approach SUMMARY The outcome of the test conducted on water samples from Iddo Jetty showed that the pH value 7.
Although aquatic organisms can still inhabit the lagoon environment with negligible impacts at present; the intractable discharge of raw excreta portends environmental dangers in close future.
Other parameters tested were higher, total Suspended Solids TSS recorded ranged from ppm to ppm. Total dissolve Solid TDS was higher than ppm. Conductivity was uS to uS; these confirmed that excessive quantity of both suspended and dissolved matter were present in the lagoon, and thereby made the lagoon water to be turbid, coloured and facilitate abnormal conduction of electricity.
Laboratory tests conducted on water and fish during these quests revealed that the water in the lagoon around the jetty is harmful to aquatic, terrestrial, and arboreal fauna and flora that constitute the lagoon ecosystems. The laboratory analysis revealed that E, coli, Proteus sp; Enterobacter sp; Aeromonas sp; Klebsiella sp; and Salmonella sp.
Having established the fact that insanitary disposal of untreated faecal matter into the lagoon have negative impacts on the Lagoon ecosystem and subsequent man, it is human to suggest ways that could facilities proper management of excreta to obliterate environmental impacts associated with raw faecal contamination. Therefore, fund that supposed to be expended on developmental projects of any kind would not be employed in procuring medications for curing diseases that are preventable.
Public awareness campaign on the evil of insanitary collection and disposal of faecal matter should be heightened to curb incessant dumping of excreta waste into the lagoon to the tune of causing disease that can impair public health. There is need for government to reinvigorate health professional in charge of preventing disease, especially, Environmental Health Officers. They are generally concerned with public health surveillance and the protection of the environment as it affects health. The reinvigoration of the profession would facilitate proper monitoring of the environment to curb indiscriminate dumping of wastes; and also empower Environmental Health Officers to prosecute any erring resident to serve as deterrent to others.
This is borne out of that fact that the jetty is the point where the highest volume of raw excreta is being discharged into the Lagos Lagoon Prior to getting an investor, there is still a provisional way out of discharging raw feacal matter into the lagoon without treatment.
There is a canal adjacent The National Art Theater, Iganmu that can be modified to suit deposition of feacal matter, and here feces can be treated biologically before onward release into the lagoon through soil pipes. Considering our level of economic and technological development, we can still do with the present system of evacuation and discharge of raw feces. That is septic tank with soak-away system and ventilated improved pit latrines. But evacuated feces should be treated either biologically or otherwise prior to discharge into any parts of the sphere.
The fish samples contain trace of microbiological substances according to the laboratory tests conducted; by inferences it will also contain physicochemical parameters, which are deleterious to lives. Therefore, the lagoon is polluted. Therefore, consuming any of its food can cause infections in the pray. O, Fapohunda, O. O, and Awanlemhen, B. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 5 1 : Adelegan, J.
Ajayi, A. The Punch. Monday, June Akpata, T. I and Ekundayo, J. An inaugural lecture delivered at the st University of Lagos on 1 July. Andrew, R. W and Jackson, J. M : Environment and Human Impact. Ayoade, J. London: Macmillan. Baarschers, W. H ; Eco — facts and Eco — fiction: understanding the environment Debate. World Bank. Hebert, M. Laleye, P. A and Moreau, I. Washigton, D. Miller, G. New York.
Morgan, R. National Planning Commission. Obire,O, and Aguda, M. Obire, O, Tamundo, D. C, and Wemedo, S. Daily Sun. Saturday November K and Owen, A.
Raufu, A. Soyinka, A. Wednesday May N, Ibe, C. A, Nwilo, P. C, and Huidobro, P. International Journal of Oceanography Vol. Wahab, B. The Environscope. A Multidisciplinary Journal. Wright, R. T and Nebel, B. Prentice Hall Inc. Here, a successful strategy for the use of enzymes in various industries. The fruit processing industries produce a large amount of waste material, which poses considerable disposal problems and ultimately leads to pollution.
In the processing of citrus fruits, a large proportion of the produce goes waste in the form of peel, pulp and seeds. Dried citrus peel is rich in carbohydrates, proteins and pectin; pectin acts as the inducer for production of pectinolytic enzymes by microbial systems.
Thus, in the present study, dried citrus peel was used as substrate for the production of pectinase. Pectinase enzyme hydrolyse pectic substances into sugar which can be used for food and value added products.
Pectinase are industrially important enzymes and have potential applications in fruit, paper, textile, coffee and tea fermentation industries. Pectinases are either intracellular or extra cellular. Although a large number of micro-organisms can degrade pectin. Keeping in view, the demand of new enzymes some micro-organism capable of pectinase production are being isolated and studied.
India is also a major producer of citrus fruits. Oranges of Nagpur are famous for their size and aroma. Citrus fruits are utilized mostly for table purposes, but a significant portion is processed into various products, such as squashes, cordials, single strength juices, juice concentrates, marmalades, pickles etc.
These all are known to contain appreciable amounts of pectin. Pectic substances are present in the primary plant cell wall and the middle lamella. Sugar beet pulp, a by- product of sugar extraction, also contains Fruit processing industries produce a large amount of waste material in the form of peel, pulp, seeds, etc. Some fresh orange peel is, however, used in shredded form in the preparation of orange-marmalade.
This waste material presents considerable disposal problems and ultimately leads to pollution. Dried citrus peel is rich in carbohydrates, proteins and pectin; the fat content, however, is low. Various microbial transformations have been proposed for the utilization of food processing waste for producing valuable products like biogas, ethanol, citric acid, chemicals, various enzymes, volatile flavouring compounds, fatty acids and microbial biomass.
Citrus peel contains an appreciable amount of pectin and thus can be used as a substrate for the production of pectinolytic enzymes by micro organisms. Pectin acts as the inducer for the production of pectinolytic enzymes by microbial systems.
The advantage of using micro organisms for the production of enzymes is that these are not influenced by climatic and seasonal factors, and can be subjected to genetic and environmental manipulations to increase the yield. Highly productive strains of micro organisms are required at the industrial level to reduce the production costs. Strains obtained by crossing high and low polygalacturonase hetrokaryons of A. Different types ofmicroorganisms have been exploited for the production of enzymes.
Pectinolytic enzymes have been reported to be produced by a large number of bacteria and fungi such as Bacillus spp. These are widely used in the food industry for the production and clarification of fruit juices, to improve the cloud stability of fruit and vegetable juices and nectars, for depectinization in order to produce high density fruit juice concentrates, and for haze removal from wines Pectic enzyme preparations are also used for the production of low methoxypectin for diabetic foods, in the degumming of natural fibers in the textile industry, and in making commercial softwoods, such as Sitka and Norway spruce, more permeable to preservatives.
Purified pectinases have also been developed specifically for use in plant protoplast culture studies. When used with cellulase, purified pectinases have been found to be very useful for generating good yields of viable protoplast in several plant systems, e. Commercial enzymes are generally obtained from fungal sources since the pH optima of these enzymes are in the range found naturally in materials to be processed and the enzymes are secreted into the culture media, making the downstream processing easier.
Keeping in view the importance of enzyme pectinases in the food processing industry and the problems associated with the disposal of food processing industry waste, the present study was undertaken with the objectives of utilizing citrus peel for the production of pectinase. Enzyme production is a growing field of biotechnology and the world market for enzyme is1. The majority of the industrial enzymes are of microbial origin.
In the present study ,eighty five isolates were isolated from different places. These isolates were grown at different temperature and pH to be able to produce a polygalacturonase which favourable to be used as additive for clarification of juice. A screening of pectinolytic productivities of the isolates showed that many of them gave good pectinolytic productivities.
The nature of solid substrate is the most important factor in solid state fermentation. Forests remove more carbon from the atmosphere than any other planetary system, but this storage potential is threatened by human activities.
Long-term carbon storage in forests is critically important in order to achieve both EU and global climate targets. The letter has been signed by scientists from 34 countries who have a range of expertise spanning multiple dimensions of climate, forests, energy, carbon cycle accounting and biodiversity. William Moomaw has sponsored a letter urging Congress to protect forests in the United States and shift away from wood consumption in an effort to reduce carbon emissions.
The letter has been signed by more than climate and forest scientists. The letter is further discussed here. Responding to Climate Change in Japan. This day-long symposium brought together policymakers, farmers, academics, and students with the goal of advancing healthy soils policies and practices throughout the northeast.
For more about the event and event materials, visit the Conferences Page. Read more about the event. William Moomaw co-authored a paper published in the journal BioScience. The authors present a suite of graphical vital signs of climate change over the last 40 years for human activities that can affect GHG emissions and change the climate, as well as actual climatic impacts.
The paper is endorsed by 11, scientists from countries. Common Dreams published an article by Timothy A. Wise on agroecology and its role as one of the cutting-edge innovations we need to help small-scale farmers adapt to climate change. The abundance of microplastics in the sediment These results can provide valuable information on which parts of the Jakarta Bay areas should be prioritized first regarding microplastics management.
Promoting cycling will help enhance the "Green City" initiative in Thailand. While several studies have addressed social issues of cyclists, While several studies have addressed social issues of cyclists, the environmental impacts and economic viability of cycling infrastructure are yet unknown.
Quantifying its environmental impact and the costing aspect are essential to prove that cycling would positively affect a city. This study compares the expected environmental and economic impacts before and after constructing a bicycle lane in Mahasarakham, Thailand. Life cycle assessment and life cycle costing are tools used to analyze environmental impact and cost during the life cycle of a product or service. The scope of this study covers the processing of raw material acquisition, transportation, construction, use, and disposal.
The functional unit set for this study is the use of a bicycle lane for one year. The environmental impact examined is greenhouse gas emissions along the product's life cycle the so-called "carbon footprint".
The use phase plays the leading role in reducing carbon footprint. The reduction in environmental impacts is due to reduced fuel consumption by cars and motorcycles when bicycles are used. In comparison, the life cycle cost of bicycle lanes for one year is approximately 3.
Furthermore, it is anticipated that had a bicycle lane been installed since , the city would have reduced overall carbon footprint emissions by more than 1.
Therefore, the results of environmental impact and cost assessment from this study are helpful for urban environmental management. Education is required to raise environmental awareness among the population as it is one of the ways to overcome the waste issue, especially in Education is required to raise environmental awareness among the population as it is one of the ways to overcome the waste issue, especially in urban areas, which are the engines of economic growth.
This study aims to determine whether the higher levels of education have a greater impact on citizens regarding environmental concerns such as littering. The survey includes observations on the household level, involving a total of 2, respondents. The logistic regression predicts the likelihood of urban citizens to litter, given their socio-economic backgrounds and existing littering behavior and environmental awareness.
FINDINGS: This study found that education did not affect decreasing the value of littering behavior as expected since it is estimated that an increase of 1 year in school will increase the probability of littering by 0. Formal education is not enough to decrease the probability of littering behavior on the individual level. In contrast, informal education taught on keeping a clean environment matters is better than conventional formal education.
Besides that, having self-initiative on environmental caring and good habits from childhood will decrease the probability of littering on an individual level. An individual has a self-initiative, the probability of littering will be 0. This study also found that per capita income and per capita expenditure in big cities in Indonesia ranged between USD , and USD , These economic factors affect the behavior of citizens not to litter. The per capita expenditure increasing by USD 1 per person per day will decrease the probability of littering by However, these factors are not enough to minimize the littering behavior since the disposal place availability becomes another keys factor in decreasing littering behavior on urban citizens.
The related data are usually reported by referring to the global statistics, using the empirical models, and performing the laboratory The related data are usually reported by referring to the global statistics, using the empirical models, and performing the laboratory analysis. The aims of the current study were to analyze the municipal food waste characteristics including physical, proximate, ultimate and heating value analysis , monitor the differences among the laboratory methods, and highlight the significant differences among the food waste characteristics more accurately.
Food waste was extracted from the municipal solid waste samples. Moisture content, pH, organic matter, ash content, organic carbon, carbon to nitrogen ratio, low heating value and chemical equation of the waste were determined and compared by statistical indices. FINDINGS: The results showed no significant difference between proximate analysis and global statistics for sampling including organic matter and moisture content.
In addition, heating value investigation by empirical models based on proximate analysis However, the models developed based on ultimate analysis, including Dulong, Steuer, and Scheurer-Kestner, had a lower accuracy with higher heating value of 1. Surveying the reliable sources highlighted the gap in extracted chemical equation and heating value of the food waste with real amount. These findings provided appropriate information about solid waste management and characterization.
Thus, without using the most accurate laboratory methods, the implementation of waste management plans would face major problems. Water quality monitoring is a popular tool in ensuring water quality is safe and within the allowable limits and standards for the health Water quality monitoring is a popular tool in ensuring water quality is safe and within the allowable limits and standards for the health of the community.
To provide interventions and strategies for the rehabilitation, a water quality monitoring plan was conducted to describe the water quality and the classification of the river. METHODS: This study conducted an environmental analysis to determine existing conditions and processes in the surrounding environment such as the land use, drainage pattern, reconnaissance survey of the river, and a key interview to describe the barangay profile and the community's water use and practices.
The water quality monitoring covers the evaluation of ten water quality parameters: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, phosphate, nitrate, oil and grease, chloride, and E.
Phosphate measured on four stations ranges between 2. The computed water quality index of The E. The existing activities in the surrounding residential, commercial and agricultural areas contributed to water contamination as aggravated by the unreliable drainage system, absence of proper sanitation facilities, and collection and disposal behavior of the community.
From this, a scientific basis can be drawn on how the river can be rehabilitated and protected and serve as guide for policymakers and water managers on implementing strategies to achieve sustainable water resources. This is mainly because it contributes to ambient air pollution, noise, and vibration in the surroundings. The study aimed at analyzing the The study aimed at analyzing the effects of the road infrastructure equipment on the surroundings in Uganda.
The emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter were analyzed. METHODS: Six road infrastructure equipment were sampled consisting of an excavator, roller, grader, concrete mixer, tamper, and wheel loader, obtained from a case study project in Kampala city, Uganda. The diesel exhaust air emissions were computed and analyzed using the emissions rate equation model for non-road equipment, developed by Environmental Protection Agency.
This was based on the horsepower and power rating of the equipment. Noise and vibrations levels were obtained using a sound level meter, seismometers, and accelerators, while following the National Environment Regulations. The grader was the highest emitter of this greenhouse gas, at 1, The lowest air pollutant emission was nitrogen dioxide at 1. Overall, the equipment emitted more greenhouse gases than air criteria pollutants at The highest criteria air pollutant was particulate matter at Most of the emissions met the standards stipulated by Environmental Protection Agency, for reducing emissions back to the environment, except particulate matter.
However, the concentrations of some pollutants like carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide did not satisfy the limits required for ambient air quality that is safe for workers. All the equipment had noise levels way above the recommended They exceeded the permissible limits of 50 ppm, 5 ppm, and 0.
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